{"id":9712,"date":"2023-09-13T07:26:40","date_gmt":"2023-09-13T07:26:40","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/gd-1.com\/?p=9712"},"modified":"2024-03-20T07:50:56","modified_gmt":"2024-03-20T07:50:56","slug":"den-soi-dot-halogen-vonfram-su-dung-cho-kinh-hien-vi-nhu-the-nao","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/gd-1.com\/den-soi-dot-halogen-vonfram-su-dung-cho-kinh-hien-vi-nhu-the-nao\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0110\u00e8n s\u1ee3i \u0111\u1ed1t halogen – vonfram s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng cho k\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n vi nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?"},"content":{"rendered":"

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\nTóm t\u1eaft n\u1ed9i dung<\/label>\n

\u0110\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m tr\u1eafc quang<\/a>

Ngu\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec7n vonfram-Halogen<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n

<\/span>Gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\nC\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n s\u00e1ng n\u00f3ng, bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n v\u1edbi d\u00e2y t\u00f3c vonfram v\u00e0 cacbon, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u00e8n s\u1ee3i \u0111\u1ed1t vonfram-halogen ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn h\u01a1n, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ngu\u1ed3n s\u00e1ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady cao trong k\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n vi hu\u1ef3nh quang<\/a> trong nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf chi\u1ebfu s\u00e1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn cho nhi\u1ec1u ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh kh\u00e1c nhau.C\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e8n c\u0169 h\u01a1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trang b\u1ecb d\u00e2y t\u00f3c vonfram v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ea7y kh\u00ed argon tr\u01a1 th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong k\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n vi<\/a> \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee5p \u1ea3nh tr\u01b0\u1eddng s\u00e1ng v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3n pha, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ngu\u1ed3n n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ee7 s\u00e1ng cho m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng c\u1ea7n \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng ph\u00e2n c\u1ef1c. \u0110\u00e8n vonfram t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i r\u1ebb (so v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u ngu\u1ed3n s\u00e1ng kh\u00e1c), d\u1ec5 thay th\u1ebf v\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ee7 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng khi k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi b\u1ed9 l\u1ecdc khu\u1ebfch t\u00e1n th\u1ee7y tinh. Nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu t\u1ea1o n\u00ean s\u1ef1 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i c\u1ee7a ngu\u1ed3n s\u00e1ng s\u1ee3i \u0111\u1ed1t trong m\u1ecdi d\u1ea1ng k\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n vi hu\u1ef3nh quang<\/a>. \u0110\u00e8n vonfram-halogen, thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t trong lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0y, t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n b\u1ed1 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng li\u00ean t\u1ee5c tr\u00ean quang ph\u1ed5 kh\u1ea3 ki\u1ebfn, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u00e1t ra t\u1eeb c\u00e1c \u0111\u00e8n n\u00e0y b\u1ecb ti\u00eau t\u00e1n d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng nhi\u1ec7t \u1edf b\u01b0\u1edbc s\u00f3ng h\u1ed3ng ngo\u1ea1i (xem H\u00ecnh 1). Do s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t x\u1ea1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang \u1edf ph\u1ea7n t\u1eed ngo\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a quang ph\u1ed5, \u0111\u00e8n vonfram-halogen kh\u00f4ng h\u1eefu \u00edch b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e8n h\u1ed3 quang v\u00e0 tia laser \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m tra c\u00e1c m\u1eabu v\u1eadt ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chi\u1ebfu s\u00e1ng \u1edf b\u01b0\u1edbc s\u00f3ng d\u01b0\u1edbi 400 nanomet.<\/p>\n
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M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e8n vonfram-halogen hi\u1ec7n nay l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n chi\u1ebfu s\u00e1ng s\u1ee3i \u0111\u1ed1t m\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ecbnh (v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cung c\u1ea5p b\u1edfi nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t) cho h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c k\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n vi<\/a> d\u00f9ng trong gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y v\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e1n tr\u00ean th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u00ean to\u00e0n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Ch\u00fang r\u1ea5t l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng cho vi\u1ec7c ki\u1ec3m tra tr\u01b0\u1eddng s\u00e1ng, ch\u1ee5p \u1ea3nh vi m\u00f4 v\u00e0 ch\u1ee5p \u1ea3nh k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o nhu\u1ed9m m\u00e0u v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n m\u00f4, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nhi\u1ec1u \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1 cho s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p. K\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n vi hu\u1ef3nh quang<\/a> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn d\u1ea1ng h\u1ea1t, ph\u00e2n t\u00edch s\u1ee3i v\u00e0 \u0111o l\u01b0\u1ee1ng chi\u1ebft, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ea5t th\u1ea1ch h\u1ecdc th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, th\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u00e8n vonfram-halogen c\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t cao \u0111\u1ec3 cung c\u1ea5p c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n ph\u00e2n c\u1ef1c ch\u00e9o. K\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n vi soi n\u1ed5i c\u0169ng t\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng ngu\u1ed3n s\u00e1ng ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn n\u00e0y \u1edf c\u1ea3 m\u1eabu c\u1ea5p th\u1ea5p v\u00e0 m\u1eabu cao c\u1ea5p. \u0110\u1ec3 ch\u1ee5p \u1ea3nh c\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o s\u1ed1ng b\u1eb1ng k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 t\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3n (ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 t\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3n giao thoa vi sai (DIC) v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 t\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3n pha) trong k\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n vi<\/a> ph\u1ee9c h\u1ee3p \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng truy\u1ec1n qua, ngu\u1ed3n s\u00e1ng ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e8n vonfram-halogen 12 volt, 100 watt.\u00a0Trong c\u00e1c th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m d\u00e0i h\u1ea1n (th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, nh\u1eefng th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m y\u00eau c\u1ea7u h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m \u0111\u1ebfn h\u00e0ng ngh\u00ecn l\u1ea7n ch\u1ee5p \u1ea3nh), chi\u1ebfc \u0111\u00e8n n\u00e0y \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 ch\u1ecbu s\u1ef1 dao \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea7u ra theo kh\u00f4ng gian v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian \u1edf m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u1ecf trong \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/p>\n
\u0110\u00e8n s\u1ee3i \u0111\u1ed1t \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trang b\u1ecb d\u00e2y t\u00f3c vonfram \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1900. Nh\u1eefng s\u1ee3i d\u00e2y t\u00f3c ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn n\u00e0y, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cu\u1ed9n tr\u00f2n v\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 r\u1ea5t cao, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n l\u00e0 linh ho\u1ea1t h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c s\u1ee3i ti\u1ec1n th\u00e2n d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean carbon v\u00e0 osmium c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. \u0110\u00e8n carbon b\u1ecb d\u00e2y t\u00f3c bay h\u01a1i nhanh \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u00ean 2500\u00b0 C v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3, ph\u1ea3i ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u1edf \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 m\u00e0u t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ea5p (m\u00e0u v\u00e0ng).\u00a0Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, vonfram c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00f3ng ch\u1ea3y x\u1ea5p x\u1ec9 3380\u00b0 C v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nung n\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 n\u00e0y trong l\u1edbp v\u1ecf th\u1ee7y tinh \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 m\u00e0u v\u00e0 tu\u1ed5i th\u1ecd cao h\u01a1n b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u n\u00e0o tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng l\u00e0m d\u00e2y t\u00f3c \u0111\u00e8n.\u00a0M\u1ed1i quan t\u00e2m ch\u00ednh v\u1edbi \u0111\u00e8n vonfram l\u00e0 trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng,\u00a0d\u00e2y t\u00f3c li\u00ean t\u1ee5c bay h\u01a1i \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra vonfram d\u1ea1ng kh\u00ed l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m d\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh d\u00e2y t\u00f3c v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u00f4ng c\u1ee9ng l\u1ea1i b\u00ean trong l\u1edbp v\u1ecf th\u1ee7y tinh d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng c\u1eb7n \u0111en. Theo th\u1eddi gian, c\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t c\u1ee7a \u0111\u00e8n gi\u1ea3m d\u1ea7n do c\u1eb7n vonfram l\u1eafng \u0111\u1ecdng tr\u00ean th\u00e0nh v\u1ecf b\u00ean trong ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng d\u00e0y h\u01a1n v\u00e0 h\u1ea5p th\u1ee5 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u01b0\u1edbc s\u00f3ng kh\u1ea3 ki\u1ebfn \u200b\u200bng\u1eafn h\u01a1n ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng t\u0103ng.\u00a0T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, vi\u1ec7c m\u1ea5t vonfram kh\u1ecfi d\u00e2y t\u00f3c l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh, khi\u1ebfn n\u00f3 m\u1ecfng \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng b\u1ecb h\u1ecfng.<\/p>\n
\u0110\u00e8n vonfram-halogen l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1960 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch thay th\u1ebf b\u00f3ng \u0111\u00e8n th\u1ee7y tinh truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng b\u1eb1ng v\u1ecf th\u1ea1ch anh hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t cao h\u01a1n, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n h\u00ecnh c\u1ea7u n\u1eefa m\u00e0 c\u00f3 d\u1ea1ng h\u00ecnh \u1ed1ng. Vi\u1ec7c thay th\u1ebf th\u1ee7y tinh n\u00f3ng ch\u1ea3y th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n b\u1eb1ng th\u1ea1ch anh l\u00e0 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft v\u00ec chu tr\u00ecnh t\u00e1i sinh halogen c\u1ee7a \u0111\u00e8n (\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn chi ti\u1ebft b\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi) y\u00eau c\u1ea7u v\u1ecf b\u1ecdc ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c duy tr\u00ec \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao (v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 m\u00e0 th\u1ee7y tinh th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ef1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c) \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n c\u00e1c h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t halogen vonfram kh\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00f4ng c\u1ee9ng \u1edf b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t b\u00ean trong.\u00a0Do c\u00f3 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n m\u1edbi n\u00ean nh\u1eefng lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e8n ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn n\u00e0y ban \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi b\u1eb1ng thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef:\u00a0th\u1ea1ch anh-io\u0111ua<\/b>.\u00a0M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u0111\u00e8n ch\u1ee9a halogen th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 so v\u1edbi b\u00f3ng \u0111\u00e8n vonfram tr\u01a1n m\u00e0 ch\u00fang thay th\u1ebf, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e8n m\u1edbi c\u00f3 t\u00f4ng m\u00e0u h\u01a1i h\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a h\u01a1i i\u1ed1t.\u00a0Ngo\u00e0i ra, th\u1ea1ch anh d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng b\u1edfi ch\u1ea5t ki\u1ec1m nh\u1eb9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1edbp v\u1ecf b\u1ecb h\u1ecfng s\u1edbm.\u00a0Trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m ti\u1ebfp theo, h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t brom thay th\u1ebf i\u1ed1t v\u00e0 v\u1ecf b\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o b\u1eb1ng h\u1ee3p kim th\u1ee7y tinh borosilicate m\u1edbi h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra \u0111\u00e8n vonfram-halogen c\u00f3 tu\u1ed5i th\u1ecd d\u00e0i h\u01a1n v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 cao h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n
<\/span>Chu tr\u00ecnh t\u00e1i sinh halogen<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n
Nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y, trong \u0111\u00e8n s\u1ee3i \u0111\u1ed1t truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng, vonfram d\u1ea1ng kh\u00ed h\u00f3a h\u01a1i t\u1eeb d\u00e2y t\u00f3c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n qua pha h\u01a1i v\u00e0 li\u00ean t\u1ee5c l\u1eafng \u0111\u1ecdng tr\u00ean th\u00e0nh b\u00ean trong c\u1ee7a b\u00f3ng \u0111\u00e8n th\u1ee7y tinh.\u00a0Hi\u1ec7n v\u1eadt n\u00e0y c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng l\u00e0m \u0111en c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh b\u00ean trong c\u1ee7a b\u00f3ng \u0111\u00e8n v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3m d\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng ph\u00e1t ra.\u00a0\u0110\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec s\u1ef1 m\u1ea5t \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng \u1edf m\u1ee9c th\u1ea5p nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3, d\u00e2y t\u00f3c \u0111\u00e8n vonfram th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t trong b\u00f3ng \u0111\u00e8n l\u1edbn c\u00f3 di\u1ec7n t\u00edch b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0y c\u1ee7a vonfram l\u1eafng \u0111\u1ecdng t\u00edch t\u1ee5 trong su\u1ed1t tu\u1ed5i th\u1ecd c\u1ee7a \u0111\u00e8n.\u00a0Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, v\u1ecf d\u1ea1ng \u1ed1ng trong \u0111\u00e8n vonfram-halogen ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ea7y kh\u00ed tr\u01a1 (nit\u01a1, argon, krypton ho\u1eb7c xenon) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ed9n trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh l\u1eafp r\u00e1p v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u1ecf h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t halogen (th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 hydro bromua;\u00a0HBr<\/b>) v\u00e0 h\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1ebft c\u1ee7a oxy ph\u00e2n t\u1eed.\u00a0H\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t halogen d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadn ngh\u1ecbch v\u1edbi vonfram bay h\u01a1i t\u1eeb d\u00e2y t\u00f3c \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n t\u1eed oxyhalua vonfram d\u1ea1ng kh\u00ed \u1edf pha h\u01a1i.\u00a0C\u00e1c gradient nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh do s\u1ef1 ch\u00eanh l\u1ec7ch nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 gi\u1eefa d\u00e2y t\u00f3c n\u00f3ng v\u00e0 v\u1ecf l\u00e0m m\u00e1t g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n ch\u1eb7n v\u00e0 t\u00e1i ch\u1ebf vonfram th\u00e0nh d\u00e2y t\u00f3c \u0111\u00e8n th\u00f4ng qua m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 chu tr\u00ecnh t\u00e1i sinh halogen (minh h\u1ecda trong H\u00ecnh 2)\u00a0.\u00a0Do \u0111\u00f3, vonfram bay h\u01a1i ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi hydro bromua \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh kh\u00ed halogenua sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1i l\u1eafng \u0111\u1ecdng v\u00e0o c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng m\u00e1t h\u01a1n c\u1ee7a d\u00e2y t\u00f3c thay v\u00ec t\u00edch l\u0169y t\u1eeb t\u1eeb tr\u00ean th\u00e0nh trong c\u1ee7a v\u1ecf b\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n
<\/center>Chu tr\u00ecnh t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o halogen c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh ba b\u01b0\u1edbc quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00eau trong H\u00ecnh 2. Khi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng, v\u1ecf \u0111\u00e8n, kh\u00ed n\u1ea1p, halogen d\u1ea1ng h\u01a1i v\u00e0 d\u00e2y t\u00f3c ban \u0111\u1ea7u \u1edf tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00f2ng.\u00a0Khi c\u1ea5p ngu\u1ed3n cho \u0111\u00e8n, nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e2y t\u00f3c t\u0103ng nhanh \u0111\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 (trong kho\u1ea3ng 2500 \u0111\u1ebfn 3000\u00b0 C), m\u1ed9t chu\u1ed7i c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u0169ng l\u00e0m n\u00f3ng kh\u00ed n\u1ea1p v\u00e0 v\u1ecf b\u1ecdc.\u00a0Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, v\u1ecf b\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh, dao \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb 400 \u0111\u1ebfn 1000\u00b0 C, t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u00e8n.\u00a0S\u1ef1 ch\u00eanh l\u1ec7ch nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 gi\u1eefa d\u00e2y t\u00f3c v\u00e0 v\u1ecf t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c gradient nhi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 d\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ed1i l\u01b0u trong kh\u00ed n\u1ea1p.\u00a0Khi l\u1edbp v\u1ecf \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 kho\u1ea3ng 200 \u0111\u1ebfn 250\u00b0 C (t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u01a1i halogen),\u00a0chu tr\u00ecnh t\u00e1i sinh halogen b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u.\u00a0C\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eed vonfram bay h\u01a1i kh\u1ecfi d\u00e2y t\u00f3c (xem H\u00ecnh 2(a)) ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi h\u01a1i halogen d\u1ea1ng kh\u00ed v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u1ecf oxy ph\u00e2n t\u1eed \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh vonfram oxyhalua (H\u00ecnh 2(b)).\u00a0Thay v\u00ec ng\u01b0ng t\u1ee5 tr\u00ean th\u00e0nh n\u00f3ng b\u00ean trong c\u1ee7a v\u1ecf, c\u00e1c h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t oxyhalua \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tu\u1ea7n ho\u00e0n b\u1eb1ng d\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ed1i l\u01b0u tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i v\u00f9ng xung quanh d\u00e2y t\u00f3c n\u01a1i ch\u00fang ph\u00e2n h\u1ee7y, \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 vonfram t\u00e1i l\u1eafng \u0111\u1ecdng tr\u00ean c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng l\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n c\u1ee7a d\u00e2y t\u00f3c (H\u00ecnh 2(c) ).\u00a0Sau khi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n vonfram k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p, c\u00e1c h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t oxy v\u00e0 halogenua s\u1ebd khu\u1ebfch t\u00e1n tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i h\u01a1i \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i chu tr\u00ecnh t\u00e1i sinh.\u00a0Vi\u1ec7c t\u00e1i ch\u1ebf li\u00ean t\u1ee5c vonfram kim lo\u1ea1i qua l\u1ea1i gi\u1eefa pha h\u01a1i v\u00e0 d\u00e2y t\u00f3c duy tr\u00ec \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0y d\u00e2y \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ec1u h\u01a1n m\u1ee9c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3.<\/p>\n
L\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a chu tr\u00ecnh t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o halogen bao g\u1ed3m kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c v\u1ecf nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c duy tr\u00ec trong \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n s\u1ea1ch s\u1ebd, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u1eb7n trong su\u1ed1t tu\u1ed5i th\u1ecd c\u1ee7a \u0111\u00e8n.\u00a0Do v\u1ecf b\u1ecdc nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n v\u1ecf b\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong \u0111\u00e8n vonfram th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00ean th\u1ea1ch anh \u0111\u1eaft ti\u1ec1n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u1ee3p kim th\u1ee7y tinh li\u00ean quan c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m h\u01a1n trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o.\u00a0L\u1edbp v\u1ecf th\u1ea1ch anh m\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n cho ph\u00e9p s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u00e1p su\u1ea5t kh\u00ed b\u00ean trong cao h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n s\u1ef1 bay h\u01a1i c\u1ee7a d\u00e2y t\u00f3c, do \u0111\u00f3 cho ph\u00e9p t\u0103ng nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e2y t\u00f3c \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra nhi\u1ec1u \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng h\u01a1n v\u00e0 thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ea5u h\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t x\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 l\u1edbn h\u01a1n c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc s\u00f3ng kh\u1ea3 ki\u1ebfn \u200b\u200bmong mu\u1ed1n h\u01a1n.\u00a0K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e8n vonfram-halogen gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed9 s\u00e1ng ban \u0111\u1ea7u trong su\u1ed1t tu\u1ed5i th\u1ecd c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang v\u00e0 c\u0169ng chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n th\u00e0nh \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u00e8n tr\u01b0\u1edbc.\u00a0M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, vonfram bay h\u01a1i v\u00e0 l\u1eafng \u0111\u1ecdng l\u1ea1i b\u1edfi chu tr\u00ecnh t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o halogen kh\u00f4ng tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed ban \u0111\u1ea7u m\u00e0 cu\u1ed9n l\u1ea1i \u1edf nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng m\u00e1t nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a d\u00e2y t\u00f3c, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ec1u.\u00a0Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, \u0111\u00e8n b\u1ecb h\u1ecfng do \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0y d\u00e2y t\u00f3c gi\u1ea3m \u1edf nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng n\u00f3ng nh\u1ea5t.\u00a0N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng, \u0111\u00e8n vonfram-halogen c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 tu\u1ed5i th\u1ecd g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 v\u00f4 h\u1ea1n.<\/p>\n
C\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ban \u0111\u1ea7u cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c b\u1ed5 sung mu\u1ed1i florua v\u00e0o h\u01a1i b\u1ecbt k\u00edn b\u00ean trong \u0111\u00e8n vonfram-halogen t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f3 b\u01b0\u1edbc s\u00f3ng kh\u1ea3 ki\u1ebfn \u200b\u200bcao nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 c\u0169ng l\u1eafng \u0111\u1ecdng vonfram t\u00e1i ch\u1ebf tr\u00ean c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a d\u00e2y t\u00f3c c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao h\u01a1n.\u00a0Kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 n\u00e0y mang l\u1ea1i hy v\u1ecdng r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c s\u1ee3i vonfram c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c duy tr\u00ec \u1edf \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0y \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ec1u h\u01a1n trong su\u1ed1t tu\u1ed5i th\u1ecd t\u0103ng l\u00ean \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc \u0111\u00e8n n\u00e0y.\u00a0H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, vi\u1ec7c thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ea7u ra c\u1ea5u h\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t x\u1ea1 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u00e8n \u0111\u1ec3 bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc s\u00f3ng kh\u1ea3 ki\u1ebfn \u200b\u200bh\u01a1n l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u r\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mong mu\u1ed1n so v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 m\u00e0u th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n do c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e8n t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 c\u00f3 h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t halogen thay th\u1ebf (iodua, clorua v\u00e0 bromua) cung c\u1ea5p.\u00a0Kh\u00f4ng may thay,\u00a0C\u00e1c h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t florua \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0o th\u1ee7y tinh (l\u01b0u \u00fd r\u1eb1ng axit flohydric th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1eafc th\u1ee7y tinh) d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1edbp v\u1ecf b\u1ecb h\u1ecfng s\u1edbm.\u00a0V\u00ec v\u1eady, h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t florua kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u00edch cho \u0111\u00e8n th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i.\u00a0Do \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t bromua \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn \u1edf tr\u00ean v\u1eabn l\u00e0 thu\u1ed1c th\u1eed \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e8n vonfram-halogen, nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e8n v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p kh\u00ed v\u00e0 halogen m\u1edbi cho c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n s\u00e1ng r\u1ea5t h\u1eefu \u00edch n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n
<\/span>Quang ph\u1ed5 ph\u00e1t ra v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 m\u00e0u<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n
\u0110\u00e8n s\u1ee3i \u0111\u1ed1t vonfram-halogen ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0 b\u1ed9 t\u1ea3n nhi\u1ec7t, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch l\u00e0m n\u00f3ng m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt r\u1eafn (d\u00e2y t\u00f3c) \u0111\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 r\u1ea5t cao. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00e0ng cao th\u00ec \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng s\u1ebd c\u00e0ng s\u00e1ng.\u00a0T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e8n l\u00e0m t\u1eeb vonfram \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 c\u1ea5u h\u00ecnh ph\u1ed5 ph\u00e1t x\u1ea1 gi\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi c\u1ea5u h\u00ecnh quang ph\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 t\u1ea3n nhi\u1ec7t v\u1eadt \u0111en v\u00e0 c\u1ea5u h\u00ecnh quang ph\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea7u ra c\u1ee7a \u0111\u00e8n halogen-vonfram t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u h\u00ecnh quang ph\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u00e8n s\u1ee3i \u0111\u1ed1t vonfram v\u00e0 s\u1ee3i carbon.\u00a0Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u00e1t ra (l\u00ean t\u1edbi 85%) n\u1eb1m \u1edf v\u00f9ng h\u1ed3ng ngo\u1ea1i v\u00e0 c\u1eadn h\u1ed3ng ngo\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a quang ph\u1ed5, v\u1edbi 15-20% r\u01a1i v\u00e0o v\u00f9ng kh\u1ea3 ki\u1ebfn \u200b\u200b(400 \u0111\u1ebfn 700 nanomet), v\u00e0 \u00edt h\u01a1n v\u00e0 1% \u1edf b\u01b0\u1edbc s\u00f3ng tia c\u1ef1c t\u00edm. (d\u01b0\u1edbi 400 nanomet).<\/p>\n
M\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n ti\u00eau th\u1ee5 b\u1edfi c\u00e1c s\u1ee3i d\u00e2y vonfram s\u1ee3i \u0111\u1ed1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t ra d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eeb tr\u1ea3i d\u00e0i trong v\u00f9ng b\u01b0\u1edbc s\u00f3ng trong kho\u1ea3ng t\u1eeb 200 \u0111\u1ebfn 3000 nanomet.\u00a0V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc, t\u1ed5ng b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 t\u0103ng theo l\u0169y th\u1eeba b\u1eadc 4 c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e2y, l\u00e0m d\u1ecbch chuy\u1ec3n s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n b\u1ed1 quang ph\u1ed5 sang c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc s\u00f3ng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng ng\u1eafn h\u01a1n (nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c) trong h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng h\u00ecnh chu\u00f4ng khi nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 t\u0103ng l\u00ean (xem H\u00ecnh 1 v\u00e0 3).\u00a0M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc s\u00f3ng c\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ea1i c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i l\u1ea1i t\u1eeb v\u00f9ng c\u1eadn h\u1ed3ng ngo\u1ea1i g\u1ea7n v\u00f9ng kh\u1ea3 ki\u1ebfn \u200b\u200bh\u01a1n v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e2y t\u00f3c cao h\u01a1n, \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00f3ng ch\u1ea3y c\u1ee7a vonfram kh\u00f4ng cho ph\u00e9p ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ea7u ra chuy\u1ec3n sang v\u00f9ng quang ph\u1ed5 kh\u1ea3 ki\u1ebfn.\u00a0\u1ede nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf cao nh\u1ea5t,\u00a0m\u1ee9c ph\u00e1t x\u1ea1 c\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ea1i t\u1eadp trung \u1edf kho\u1ea3ng 850 nanomet v\u1edbi kho\u1ea3ng 20% \u200b\u200bt\u1ed5ng s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e0 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng kh\u1ea3 ki\u1ebfn.\u00a0C\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc s\u00f3ng h\u1ed3ng ngo\u1ea1i, chi\u1ebfm ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ea7u ra, ph\u1ea3i b\u1ecb ti\u00eau t\u00e1n d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng nhi\u1ec7t kh\u00f4ng mong mu\u1ed1n.\u00a0K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0, so v\u1edbi quang ph\u1ed5 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng ban ng\u00e0y (5000+ K) ph\u00e1t ra t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e8n h\u1ed3 quang th\u1ee7y ng\u00e2n, xenon v\u00e0 halogen kim lo\u1ea1i, ph\u1ea7n m\u00e0u \u0111\u1ecf c\u1ee7a quang ph\u1ed5 lu\u00f4n chi\u1ebfm \u01b0u th\u1ebf \u1edf \u0111\u00e8n vonfram-halua.<\/p>\n
<\/center>Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p b\u1ed9 t\u1ea3n nhi\u1ec7t m\u00e0u\u00a0\u0111en l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng , nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 m\u00e0u c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eb1ng nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ef1c (\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111o) c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u t\u1ea3n nhi\u1ec7t. Tuy nhi\u00ean, tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, t\u1ed5ng b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 do c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n ph\u00e1t x\u1ea1 th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng (ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e8n s\u1ee3i \u0111\u1ed1t) t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n m\u1ee9c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 mong \u0111\u1ee3i t\u1eeb v\u1eadt \u0111en.\u00a0Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 m\u00e0u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb b\u1eb1ng Kelvin (\u00a0K<\/b> ), trong khi nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111o th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf h\u01a1n b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ed9 C (\u00b0C).\u00a0Hai s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y kh\u00e1c nhau 273,15 \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb tuy\u1ebfn t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed9, v\u1edbi gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb Kelvin b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ed9 C c\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi 273,15\u00b0.\u00a0Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 m\u00e0u cao h\u01a1n t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi\u00a0m\u00e0u tr\u1eafng h\u01a1n \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng g\u1ea7n gi\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi h\u01a1n, trong khi nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 m\u00e0u th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng chuy\u1ec3n m\u00e0u sang m\u00e0u v\u00e0ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecf.\u00a0Vonfram kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 v\u1eadt \u0111en th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 theo ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 t\u1ed5ng b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 ph\u00e1t ra nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n m\u1ee9c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 quan s\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng, tuy nhi\u00ean, vonfram l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t x\u1ea1 t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n (v\u00e0 g\u1ea7n gi\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi v\u1eadt \u0111en th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 h\u01a1n) \u1edf v\u00f9ng b\u01b0\u1edbc s\u00f3ng kh\u1ea3 ki\u1ebfn \u200b\u200bng\u1eafn h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi trong b\u01b0\u1edbc s\u00f3ng c\u00e0ng d\u00e0i.\u00a0\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a d\u1ea3i b\u01b0\u1edbc s\u00f3ng kh\u1ea3 ki\u1ebfn, nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 m\u00e0u c\u1ee7a vonfram cao h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ef1c t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00ednh b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ed9 C.\u00a0Do \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e2y t\u00f3c \u0111o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0 3000\u00b0 C, nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 m\u00e0u l\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng 3080 K. Gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 m\u00e0u vonfram \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1edfi \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00f3ng ch\u1ea3y, ch\u1ec9 tr\u00ean 3350\u00b0 C ho\u1eb7c x\u1ea5p x\u1ec9 3550 K.<\/p>\n
T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 b\u1ed9 t\u1ea3n nhi\u1ec7t s\u1ee3i \u0111\u1ed1t, \u0111\u00e8n vonfram-halogen t\u1ea1o ra quang ph\u1ed5 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng li\u00ean t\u1ee5c tr\u1ea3i d\u00e0i t\u1eeb v\u00f9ng t\u1eed ngo\u1ea1i trung t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00f9ng kh\u1ea3 ki\u1ebfn \u200b\u200bv\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00f9ng b\u01b0\u1edbc s\u00f3ng h\u1ed3ng ngo\u1ea1i (xem H\u00ecnh 1 v\u00e0 3).\u00a0So v\u1edbi ph\u1ed5 ph\u00e1t x\u1ea1 c\u1ee7a \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi v\u00e0 v\u1eadt b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 v\u1eadt \u0111en 5800 K theo l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft (nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y trong H\u00ecnh 3(a)), c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng b\u01b0\u1edbc s\u00f3ng d\u00e0i h\u01a1n lu\u00f4n chi\u1ebfm \u01b0u th\u1ebf trong \u0111\u00e8n vonfram-halogen.\u00a0Tuy nhi\u00ean, khi nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e2y t\u00f3c t\u0103ng trong \u0111\u00e8n vonfram-halogen, c\u1ea5u h\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t x\u1ea1 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng chuy\u1ec3n sang b\u01b0\u1edbc s\u00f3ng ng\u1eafn h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 khi nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00f3ng ch\u1ea3y gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a vonfram, t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 b\u01b0\u1edbc s\u00f3ng kh\u1ea3 ki\u1ebfn \u200b\u200bph\u00e1t ra t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e8n t\u0103ng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3.\u00a0Hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c minh h\u1ecda trong H\u00ecnh 3(b) b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n b\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ea7u ra c\u1ee7a b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 \u0111\u00e8n \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 m\u00e0u 2800 K v\u00e0 3300 K cho c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t quang th\u00f4ng.\u00a0Ngo\u00e0i vi\u1ec7c c\u00f3 t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 \u1edf b\u01b0\u1edbc s\u00f3ng h\u1ed3ng ngo\u1ea1i nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cong 3300 K c\u00f2n th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t l\u1edbn h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u \u1edf b\u01b0\u1edbc s\u00f3ng kh\u1ea3 ki\u1ebfn.<\/p>\n
<\/span>\u0110\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m tr\u1eafc quang<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n
C\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh tr\u1eafc quang \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ngu\u1ed3n s\u00e1ng h\u01a1i kh\u00e1c th\u01b0\u1eddng \u1edf ch\u1ed7 hai h\u1ec7 \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i song song \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c bi\u1ebfn quan tr\u1ecdng li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 v\u00e0 quang ph\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea7u ra.\u00a0H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng tr\u1eafc quang\u00a0v\u1eadt l\u00fd x\u1eed l\u00fd \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n nh\u01b0 b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eeb v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed9 s\u00e1ng (b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i v\u00e0 g\u00f3c v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111o b\u1eb1ng watt.\u00a0H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng tr\u1eafc quang sinh l\u00fd h\u1ecdc t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c m\u00e0 m\u1eaft ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 ngu\u1ed3n s\u00e1ng. V\u00ec m\u1eaft ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng h\u01a1i kh\u00e1c nhau v\u1edbi quang ph\u1ed5 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng kh\u1ea3 ki\u1ebfn \u200b\u200bn\u00ean m\u1eaft ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh theo quy \u01b0\u1edbc qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf.\u00a0\u0110\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n n\u00e0y l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u1ea1y v\u1edbi c\u00e1c m\u00e0u \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng kh\u00e1c nhau d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng t\u1ed1i \u0111a v\u1edbi \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng 550 nanomet (xanh l\u1ee5c-v\u00e0ng), \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111o b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb\u00a0lumens<\/b>t hay v\u00ec watt. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng sinh l\u00fd l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 n\u1ebfu m\u00e1y d\u00f2 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng l\u00e0 m\u1eaft ng\u01b0\u1eddi, m\u00e1y \u1ea3nh k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt s\u1ed1, phim ch\u1ee5p \u1ea3nh ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 lo\u1ea1i thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1.\u00a0Tuy nhi\u00ean, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y s\u1ebd th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i n\u1ebfu \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n t\u00edch r\u01a1i v\u00e0o v\u00f9ng c\u1ef1c t\u00edm ho\u1eb7c h\u1ed3ng ngo\u1ea1i m\u00e0 m\u1eaft ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.\u00a0Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng tr\u1eafc quang v\u1eadt l\u00fd ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111o v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch.<\/p>\n
<\/span>B\u1ea3ng 1: <\/strong>Th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u00e8n k\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n vi vonfram-halogen<\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
C\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t\u00a0\u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ee9c
\n(W)<\/td>\n \u0110i\u1ec7n \u00e1p\u00a0\u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ee9c
\n(V)<\/td>\n Quang th\u00f4ng
\n(lm)<\/td>\n K\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc\u00a0d\u00e2y t\u00f3c
\nW x H (mm)<\/td>\n Tu\u1ed5i th\u1ecd\u00a0trung b\u00ecnh
\n(Gi\u1edd)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
10<\/td>\n 6<\/td>\n 150<\/td>\n 1,5 x 0,7<\/td>\n 300<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
20<\/td>\n 6<\/td>\n 480<\/td>\n 2,3 x 0,8<\/td>\n 100<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
30<\/td>\n 6<\/td>\n 765<\/td>\n 1,5 x 1,5<\/td>\n 100<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
30<\/td>\n 12<\/td>\n 750<\/td>\n 2,6 x 1,3<\/td>\n 50<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
50<\/td>\n 12<\/td>\n 1000<\/td>\n 3.0 x 3.0<\/td>\n 1100<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
100<\/td>\n 12<\/td>\n 3600<\/td>\n 4,2 x 2,3<\/td>\n 2000<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n
B\u1ea3ng 1 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y c\u00e1c th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec7n, k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc d\u00e2y t\u00f3c, tu\u1ed5i th\u1ecd \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh v\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 \u0111o quang c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00e8n halogen-vonfram ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n nay \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong k\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n vi hu\u1ef3nh quang<\/a>. Trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 so s\u00e1nh c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e8n n\u00e0y l\u00e0 quang th\u00f4ng<\/b>, l\u00e0 t\u1ed5ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng ph\u00e1t ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111o b\u1eb1ng\u00a0lumen<\/b>\u00a0.\u00a0Quang th\u00f4ng t\u0103ng t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 thu\u1eadn v\u1edbi t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u1eafc quang v\u1eadt l\u00fd c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 t\u00ednh b\u1eb1ng watt.\u00a0M\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng quan tr\u1ecdng kh\u00e1c, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0\u00a0c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 s\u00e1ng<\/b>\u00a0, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a quang th\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111o b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t g\u00f3c \u0111\u1eb7c theo m\u1ed9t h\u01b0\u1edbng.\u00a0C\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 s\u00e1ng, c\u00f3 \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb l\u00e0\u00a0candela<\/b> , \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u0111\u00e8n trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng quang h\u1ecdc. \u0110\u00e8n c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 v\u1ec1 Hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 chi\u1ebfu s\u00e1ng <\/b>s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng lumen tr\u00ean m\u1ed7i watt n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n (li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u1eadt l\u00fd v\u00e0 sinh l\u00fd) \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n th\u00e0nh b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 kh\u1ea3 ki\u1ebfn.\u00a0Hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t s\u00e1ng t\u1ed1i \u0111a theo l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft l\u00e0 683 lumen\/watt, nh\u01b0ng tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, \u0111\u00e8n halogen-vonfram th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1t gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n 37 lumen\/watt.\u00a0\u0110\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 h\u01a1n c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u00e8n vonfram-halogen, th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i qu\u00e1t sau: c\u1ee9 thay \u0111\u1ed5i 5 ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t v\u00e0o \u0111\u00e8n, tu\u1ed5i th\u1ecd s\u1ebd t\u0103ng g\u1ea5p \u0111\u00f4i ho\u1eb7c gi\u1ea3m m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda, t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p c\u00f3 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p hay kh\u00f4ng. gi\u1ea3m ho\u1eb7c t\u0103ng.\u00a0Ngo\u00e0i ra, m\u1ed7i s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i 5% v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p s\u1ebd k\u00e8m theo s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i 15% v\u1ec1 quang th\u00f4ng, 8% v\u1ec1 c\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t, 3% v\u1ec1 d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n,<\/p>\n
<\/span>\u0110\u00e8n ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\nNhi\u1ec1u thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u00e8n vonfram-halogen \u0111a d\u1ea1ng k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1 t\u00edch h\u1ee3p nh\u1eb1m thu th\u1eadp hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 c\u00e1c m\u1eb7t s\u00f3ng \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng ph\u00e1t ra t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e8n v\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edbng ch\u00fang v\u00e0o h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng chi\u1ebfu s\u00e1ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u00f3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c.\u00a0\u0110\u00e8n ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1<\/b> c\u00f3 thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef\u00a0<\/b>(xem H\u00ecnh 4), c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eafp r\u00e1p s\u1eb5n n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i l\u00e0m \u0111\u00e8n chi\u1ebfu s\u00e1ng b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i cho c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng k\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n vi soi n\u1ed5i<\/a>.\u00a0\u00c1nh s\u00e1ng t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e8n chi\u1ebfu s\u00e1ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 v\u00f9ng n\u00e0o c\u1ee7a m\u1eabu v\u1eadt b\u1eb1ng \u1ed1ng d\u1eabn \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng s\u1ee3i quang linh ho\u1ea1t.\u00a0\u0110\u00e8n ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf kh\u00e1c nhau li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a g\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 c\u0103n ch\u1ec9nh c\u1ee7a \u0111\u00e8n trong g\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1.\u00a0Tuy nhi\u00ean, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c \u0111\u00e8n ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 \u0111\u00e8n m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea7u, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eafp \u1edf gi\u1eefa tr\u1ee5c quang c\u1ee7a g\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1 v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eafn v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec9nh c\u1ee7a g\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1.\u00a0C\u1ea5u h\u00ecnh d\u00e2y t\u00f3c th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1edfi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh ch\u00f9m tia theo y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng quang h\u1ecdc c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e8n h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi.\u00a0T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf d\u00e2y t\u00f3c, bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 d\u00e2y ngang, tr\u1ee5c v\u00e0 l\u00f5i ph\u1eb3ng, \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong \u0111\u00e8n ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1.<\/p>\n
\u0110\u00e8n ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1 th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i v\u1edbi gi\u00e1 \u0111\u1ee1 \u0111\u00e8n c\u00f3 ch\u00e2n molypden nh\u00f4 ra ngo\u00e0i t\u1eeb ph\u00eda sau g\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1 v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eafn b\u1eb1ng v\u1ecf g\u1ed1m.\u00a0Trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p, c\u00e1c k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i c\u00e1p chuy\u00ean d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t kh\u00f4ng gian ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac \u0111i\u1ec7n kh\u1ecfi ngu\u1ed3n nhi\u1ec7t (\u0111\u00e8n).\u00a0B\u1edfi v\u00ec \u0111\u00e8n ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1 th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng quang h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u0103n ch\u1ec9nh ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c n\u00ean \u0111\u00f4i khi k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i \u0111i\u1ec7n ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1 \u0111\u1ee1.\u00a0C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1eafp g\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1, bao g\u1ed3m l\u1eafp m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1 \u0111\u1ee1 \u1edf c\u1ea1nh tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a g\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1, s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u00e1p l\u1ef1c l\u00ean m\u1eb7t sau c\u1ee7a n\u1eafp g\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1, c\u0103n gi\u1eefa m\u00e9p g\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1 theo h\u00ecnh n\u00f3n v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh c\u1ea1nh ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1 t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m d\u1eebng g\u00f3c.\u00a0Trong h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p,\u00a0thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u1ebf ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1 v\u00e0 c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u l\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e8n ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3.\u00a0\u0110\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh ngo\u00e0i c\u1ee7a l\u1ed7 m\u1edf ph\u00eda tr\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1 l\u00e0 ti\u00eau ch\u00ed x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh cho \u0111\u00e8n ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1 v\u00e0 hai k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp.\u00a0Ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh MR 11<\/b>\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0MR 16<\/b>\u00a0, v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ch\u1eef c\u00e1i l\u00e0 t\u00ean vi\u1ebft t\u1eaft c\u1ee7a\u00a0g\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1 kim lo\u1ea1i\u00a0v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ch\u1eef s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh g\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1 t\u00ednh b\u1eb1ng ph\u1ea7n t\u00e1m inch.\u00a0Do \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u00e8n ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1 MR 16 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh kho\u1ea3ng 50 mm trong khi \u0111\u00e8n MR 11 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh g\u1ea7n 35 mm.<\/p>\n
<\/center>B\u1ed9 ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1 vonfram-halogen \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1eadp trung ho\u1eb7c chu\u1ea9n tr\u1ef1c \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng ph\u00e1t ra t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e8n, nh\u01b0 minh h\u1ecda trong H\u00ecnh 4. B\u1ed9 ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1 l\u1ea5y n\u00e9t t\u1eadp trung \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m nh\u1ecf (ti\u00eau \u0111i\u1ec3m) trong tr\u1ee5c quang trung t\u00e2m \u1edf m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00ednh t\u1eeb b\u1ed9 ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1 (xem H\u00ecnh 4(b)). Lo\u1ea1i ch\u00f3a ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1 n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u00f3 d\u1ea1ng h\u00ecnh elip, y\u00eau c\u1ea7u d\u00e2y t\u00f3c \u0111\u00e8n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1eb7t \u1edf ti\u00eau \u0111i\u1ec3m th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a h\u00ecnh elip sao cho \u0111i\u1ec3m s\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfu t\u1eadp trung \u1edf ti\u00eau \u0111i\u1ec3m th\u1ee9 hai.\u00a0Khi thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf bu\u1ed3ng \u0111\u00e8n cho g\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1 h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5, ti\u00eau ch\u00ed quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 l\u1eafp \u0111\u00e8n \u1edf kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch th\u00edch h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi kh\u1ea9u \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng quang h\u1ecdc.\u00a0C\u00e1c g\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1 chu\u1ea9n tr\u1ef1c c\u00f3 d\u1ea1ng h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc parabol \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra ch\u00f9m \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng song song c\u00f3 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh ch\u00f9m tia \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1edfi c\u00e1c th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00e8n v\u00e0 k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc g\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1 (xem H\u00ecnh 4(c)).\u00a0G\u00f3c ch\u00f9m tia l\u00f3 ra ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1edfi k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a d\u00e2y t\u00f3c \u0111\u00e8n v\u00e0 kh\u1ea9u \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a g\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1.\u00a0Trong h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p, d\u00e2y t\u00f3c h\u01b0\u1edbng tr\u1ee5c l\u00f5i tr\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o ch\u00f9m tia \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1ee9ng quay.<\/p>\n
T\u1ea5m ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1 th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o t\u1eeb th\u1ee7y tinh, nh\u01b0ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m b\u1eb1ng nh\u00f4m.\u00a0C\u00e1c b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng b\u00ean trong c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eb5n ho\u1eb7c c\u00f3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac v\u1edbi c\u00e1c m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n b\u1ed1 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng.\u00a0C\u1ea5u tr\u00fac b\u00ean trong bao g\u1ed3m t\u1eeb c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t m\u1ecbn, kh\u00f3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c m\u1eb7t l\u1edbn, l\u00e1t g\u1ea1ch (xem H\u00ecnh 4(a)).\u00a0Trong c\u00e1c t\u1ea5m ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1 b\u1eb1ng th\u1ee7y tinh, b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1 h\u00ecnh v\u00f2m b\u00ean trong \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ee7 (th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch l\u1eafng \u0111\u1ecdng h\u01a1i) \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh ph\u1ea3n chi\u1ebfu c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft.\u00a0\u0110\u1ed9 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a g\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1 th\u1ee7y tinh v\u01b0\u1ee3t tr\u1ed9i so v\u1edbi g\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1 kim lo\u1ea1i v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ecdn v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u ph\u1ee7 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh quang ph\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1, khi\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng g\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1 n\u00e0y tr\u1edf n\u00ean linh ho\u1ea1t h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u.\u00a0T\u1ea5m ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1 kim lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng h\u01a1n v\u00e0 r\u1ebb h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u,<\/p>\n
N\u1ebfu c\u1ea7n to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 ph\u1ed5 b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 do \u0111\u00e8n ph\u00e1t ra ho\u1eb7c trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng h\u1ed3ng ngo\u1ea1i c\u00f3 \u00edch th\u00ec ch\u00f3a ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1 kim lo\u1ea1i ho\u1eb7c ch\u00f3a ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1 th\u1ee7y tinh c\u00f3 l\u1edbp ph\u1ee7 v\u00e0ng m\u1ecfng l\u00e0 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn t\u1ed1i \u01b0u.\u00a0Tuy nhi\u00ean, khi ph\u1ea3i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ecdn b\u01b0\u1edbc s\u00f3ng th\u00f4ng qua giao thoa th\u00ec l\u1edbp ph\u1ee7 m\u00e0ng m\u1ecfng l\u01b0\u1ee1ng s\u1eafc tr\u00ean g\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1 th\u1ee7y tinh l\u00e0 t\u1ed1i \u01b0u.\u00a0Nh\u1eefng l\u1edbp ph\u1ee7 n\u00e0y bao g\u1ed3m kho\u1ea3ng 40-60 l\u1edbp r\u1ea5t m\u1ecfng, m\u1ed7i l\u1edbp ch\u1ec9 d\u00e0y b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n t\u01b0 b\u01b0\u1edbc s\u00f3ng \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng v\u00e0 bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u xen k\u1ebd c\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 kh\u00fac x\u1ea1 cao v\u00e0 th\u1ea5p.\u00a0Vi\u1ec7c tinh ch\u1ec9nh \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0y v\u00e0 s\u1ed1 l\u1edbp cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf t\u1ea1o ra nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ea7u ra quang ph\u1ed5 kh\u00e1c nhau.\u00a0Trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c \u0111\u00e8n ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1 l\u01b0\u1ee1ng s\u1eafc, lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e8n h\u1eefu \u00edch nh\u1ea5t cho k\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n vi<\/a> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0\u00a0\u0111\u00e8n l\u1ea1nh <\/b>ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1 v\u00ec ch\u1ec9 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng kh\u1ea3 ki\u1ebfn \u200b\u200b\u1edf v\u00f9ng b\u01b0\u1edbc s\u00f3ng t\u1eeb 400 \u0111\u1ebfn 700 nanomet m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eedi t\u1edbi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng quang h\u1ecdc (H\u00ecnh 4(d)).\u00a0B\u01b0\u1edbc s\u00f3ng h\u1ed3ng ngo\u1ea1i t\u1ecfa qua ph\u00eda sau g\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1 v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u01a1m ra kh\u1ecfi bu\u1ed3ng \u0111\u00e8n b\u1eb1ng qu\u1ea1t \u0111i\u1ec7n.\u00a0Vi\u1ec7c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c t\u1ea5m ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng l\u1ea1nh ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p gi\u00fap gi\u1ea3m t\u1ea3i nhi\u1ec7t t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 l\u00ean h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng chi\u1ebfu s\u00e1ng v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ghi l\u1ea1i b\u1eb1ng m\u00e1y \u1ea3nh phim v\u00e0 m\u00e1y \u1ea3nh k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt s\u1ed1.<\/p>\n
<\/span>\u0110\u00e8n s\u1ee3i \u0111\u1ed1t vonfram-halogen<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\nC\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u00e8n halogen-vonfram m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea7u th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 chi\u1ebfu s\u00e1ng trong k\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n vi hu\u1ef3nh quang<\/a> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c minh h\u1ecda tr\u00ean H\u00ecnh 5. T\u1ed5ng chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111o t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u ch\u1ed1t \u0111\u1ebf \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a \u1ed1ng x\u1ea3 k\u00edn. M\u1ed9t ti\u00eau ch\u00ed quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ecb \u0111\u00e8n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng th\u1ea5u k\u00ednh thu l\u00e0\u00a0chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i t\u00e2m \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng<\/b>\u00a0(H\u00ecnh 5(a)), \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ecb t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a d\u00e2y t\u00f3c tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t ph\u1eb3ng tham chi\u1ebfu x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh trong \u0111\u1ebf \u0111\u00e8n.\u00a0C\u00e1c th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 quan tr\u1ecdng kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh b\u00f3ng \u0111\u00e8n (ph\u1ea7n d\u00e0y nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a v\u1ecf), \u0111\u1ed9 r\u1ed9ng nh\u00fam c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ebf (th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1edbn h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat so v\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh b\u00f3ng \u0111\u00e8n) v\u00e0 k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e2y t\u00f3c\u00a0(chi\u1ec1u cao v\u00e0 chi\u1ec1u r\u1ed9ng).\u00a0K\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc hi\u1ec7u d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a ngu\u1ed3n chi\u1ebfu s\u00e1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng quang h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ea7u ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1edfi chi\u1ec1u cao v\u00e0 chi\u1ec1u r\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a d\u00e2y t\u00f3c (tr\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e2y t\u00f3c).\u00a0Dung sai v\u00e0 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed tr\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e2y t\u00f3c l\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sai l\u1ec7ch qu\u00e1 1 mm so v\u1edbi tr\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u00e8n (\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1edfi m\u1eb7t ph\u1eb3ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ch\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebf v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a \u0111\u00e8n).\u00a0Dung sai tr\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e2y t\u00f3c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf cho c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac d\u00e2y t\u00f3c c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111o khi d\u00e2y t\u00f3c n\u00f3ng.<\/p>\n
Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng qu\u00e1 cao c\u1ee7a \u0111\u00e8n vonfram-halogen \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi v\u1ecf b\u1ecdc trong su\u1ed1t ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn h\u01a1n v\u00e0 d\u00e0y h\u01a1n \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 so v\u1edbi \u0111\u00e8n vonfram v\u00e0 carbon th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng.\u00a0Th\u1ee7y tinh th\u1ea1ch anh silic nung ch\u1ea3y l\u00e0 v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o \u0111\u00e8n vonfram-halogen v\u00ec v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 v\u1ecf l\u00ean t\u1edbi 900\u00b0C v\u00e0 \u00e1p su\u1ea5t v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh l\u00ean t\u1edbi 50 atm. Nh\u00ecn chung, ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng quang h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a v\u1ecf \u0111\u00e8n th\u1ea1ch anh th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 so v\u1edbi b\u00f3ng \u0111\u00e8n th\u1ee7y tinh th\u1ed5i d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e8n s\u1ee3i \u0111\u1ed1t th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng.\u00a0Hi\u1ec7n v\u1eadt n\u00e0y l\u00e0 do th\u1ea1ch anh kh\u00f3 x\u1eed l\u00fd h\u01a1n (ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 do \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00f3ng ch\u1ea3y cao h\u01a1n). Th\u1ea1ch anh d\u00e0nh cho v\u1ecf \u0111\u00e8n b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u1edf d\u1ea1ng \u1ed1ng h\u00ecnh tr\u1ee5, l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1eaft theo chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i th\u00edch h\u1ee3p tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi g\u1eafn \u1ed1ng x\u1ea3 nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n. \u1ede giai \u0111o\u1ea1n sau c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, sau khi d\u00e2y t\u00f3c v\u00e0 ch\u1ed1t ch\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eafp v\u00e0o v\u00e0 k\u1eb9p ch\u1eb7t, phong b\u00ec s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea7y h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t kh\u00ed v\u00e0 halogen th\u00edch h\u1ee3p tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u1ed1ng x\u1ea3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e1o ra v\u00e0 b\u1ecbt k\u00edn trong m\u1ed9t quy tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00f3ng n\u1eafp.\u00a0\u0110\u00e8n halogen-vonfram d\u00f9ng trong k\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n vi<\/a> th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 khuy\u1ebft \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ea7u m\u00fat n\u1eb1m \u1edf ph\u1ea7n tr\u00ean c\u1ee7a v\u1ecf trong v\u00f9ng kh\u00f4ng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng quang h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng ph\u00e1t ra t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e8n (H\u00ecnh 5(a)). C\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac \u0111\u00e8n b\u00ean trong \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00fac s\u1eb5n (d\u00e2y t\u00f3c, \u0111\u1ea7u n\u1ed1i gi\u1ea5y b\u1ea1c v\u00e0 ch\u00e2n) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eafp v\u00e0o th\u1ea1ch anh h\u00ecnh \u1ed1ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi c\u00e1c ch\u00e2n ch\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ecbt k\u00edn v\u00e0o v\u1ecf b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch k\u1eb9p. B\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i c\u1ee7a ch\u1ed1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc t\u1ed1i \u0111a.<\/p>\n
<\/center>Sau khi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea7u ch\u1ed1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1eb9p l\u1ea1i (qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh trong khi v\u1ecf b\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1ea3 b\u1eb1ng kh\u00ed tr\u01a1 \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh oxy h\u00f3a), b\u00f3ng \u0111\u00e8n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ea1p kh\u00ed th\u00edch h\u1ee3p qua \u1ed1ng x\u1ea3 ch\u1ee9a 0,1 \u0111\u1ebfn 1,0% h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t halogen.\u00a0Kh\u00ed tr\u01a1<\/b>\u00a0c\u00f3\u00a0th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 xenon, krypton, argon ho\u1eb7c nit\u01a1, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c kh\u00ed n\u00e0y c\u00f3 tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nguy\u00ean t\u1eed trung b\u00ecnh cao nh\u1ea5t ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf h\u1ed3 quang mong mu\u1ed1n.\u00a0Halogen \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng cho \u0111\u00e8n vonfram-halogen d\u00f9ng trong k\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n vi<\/a> th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 HBr, CH\u00a0_{3<\/sub>\u00a0Br ho\u1eb7c CH\u00a0_{2<\/sub>\u00a0Br\u00a0_{2<\/sub>.\u00a0\u00c1p su\u1ea5t b\u00ean trong \u0111\u00e8n cao \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea7y v\u1ecf b\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ebfn \u00e1p su\u1ea5t mong mu\u1ed1n v\u00e0 nh\u00fang \u0111\u00e8n v\u00e0o nit\u01a1 l\u1ecfng \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u01b0ng t\u1ee5 kh\u00ed n\u1ea1p.\u00a0Sau khi b\u1ecbt k\u00edn \u1ed1ng x\u1ea3 \u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u, kh\u00ed n\u1ea1p s\u1ebd n\u1edf ra khi n\u00f3ng l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng.\u00a0\u0110\u00e8n vonfram-halogen hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t cao do Osram (Sylvania \u1edf Hoa K\u1ef3) s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7\u00a0Xenophot<\/b>\u00a0\u00ae trong \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00ed krypton \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thay th\u1ebf b\u1eb1ng xenon, lo\u1ea1i kh\u00ed c\u00f3 kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nguy\u00ean t\u1eed cao h\u01a1n krypton v\u00e0 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i kh\u00ed n\u1ea1p kh\u00e1c.\u00a0Xenon gi\u00fap ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n s\u1ef1 bay h\u01a1i c\u1ee7a vonfram t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n, cho ph\u00e9p nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e2y t\u00f3c cao h\u01a1n v\u00e0 t\u0103ng hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t s\u00e1ng l\u00ean kho\u1ea3ng 10% (t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi m\u1ee9c t\u0103ng nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 m\u00e0u kho\u1ea3ng 100 K).\u00a0\u0110\u00e8n Xenophot \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e1n tr\u00ean th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1edbi t\u1eeb vi\u1ebft t\u1eaft\u00a0HLX<\/b>, b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb c\u00e1c thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef\u00a0H<\/b>\u00a0alogen, \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p\u00a0th\u1ea5p<\/b>\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0X<\/b>\u00a0enon.\u00a0H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c \u0111\u00e8n vonfram-halogen d\u00f9ng trong}}}k\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n vi<\/a> nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trang b\u1ecb b\u00f3ng \u0111\u00e8n Osram\/Sylvania HLX ho\u1eb7c lo\u1ea1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng.<\/p>\n
Vonfram lu\u00f4n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o d\u00e2y t\u00f3c trong \u0111\u00e8n s\u1ee3i \u0111\u1ed1t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i.\u00a0\u0110\u1ec3 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi \u0111\u00e8n vonfram-halogen, d\u00e2y vonfram th\u00f4 ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3i qua qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh x\u1eed l\u00fd nhi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 pha t\u1ea1p ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p \u0111\u1ec3 mang l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1ebbo c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh x\u1eed l\u00fd v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng d\u00e2y t\u00f3c kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng trong th\u1eddi gian d\u00e0i \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh \u0111\u00e8n.\u00a0D\u00e2y \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m s\u1ea1ch nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh ph\u00e1t ra kh\u00ed \u0111\u1ed9c h\u1ea1i sau khi \u0111\u00e8n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ecbt k\u00edn.\u00a0Chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i d\u00e2y t\u00f3c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1edfi \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng, v\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p cao h\u01a1n \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i d\u00e0i h\u01a1n.\u00a0\u0110\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1edfi m\u1ee9c c\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e8n v\u00e0 tu\u1ed5i th\u1ecd mong mu\u1ed1n.\u00a0M\u1ee9c n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cao \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u00e1c s\u1ee3i d\u00e0y h\u01a1n, c\u0169ng b\u1ec1n h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc.\u00a0H\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng d\u00e2y t\u00f3c ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m ch\u00ednh cho c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh tr\u1eafc quang c\u1ee7a \u0111\u00e8n vonfram-halogen.\u00a0C\u00e1c \u0111\u00e8n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong k\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n vi<\/a> th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 d\u1ea1ng h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc d\u00e2y t\u00f3c l\u00f5i ph\u1eb3ng, trong \u0111\u00f3 d\u00e2y \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u1ea5n th\u00e0nh h\u00ecnh thanh h\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt, sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1eb9p d\u1ecdc theo tr\u1ee5c d\u00e0i.\u00a0Thay v\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh v\u00e0 chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i, c\u00e1c s\u1ee3i l\u00f5i ph\u1eb3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111o b\u1eb1ng chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i v\u00e0 chi\u1ec1u r\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a m\u1eb7t ph\u1eb3ng c\u1ee7a s\u1ee3i v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0y c\u1ee7a h\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt.\u00a0\u0110\u1eb7c t\u00ednh ph\u00e1t x\u1ea1 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u00e8n d\u00e2y t\u00f3c l\u00f5i ph\u1eb3ng kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 so v\u1edbi \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh ph\u00e1t x\u1ea1 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e8n h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc kh\u00e1c.\u00a0Ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng ph\u00e1t ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ecfa vu\u00f4ng g\u00f3c v\u1edbi m\u1eb7t ph\u1eb3ng c\u1ee7a d\u00e2y t\u00f3c, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u0103n ch\u1ec9nh v\u1edbi b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn quang h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u00f4ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ed1i \u0111a.\u00a0M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u00e8n c\u00f3 d\u00e2y t\u00f3c l\u00f5i ph\u1eb3ng chuy\u00ean d\u1ee5ng trong \u0111\u00f3 b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ph\u00e1t s\u00e1ng c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh vu\u00f4ng.<\/p>\n
M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 quan tr\u1ecdng trong vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o \u0111\u00e8n halogen-vonfram l\u00e0 b\u1ecbt k\u00edn c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn b\u00ean trong \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e1ch ly ch\u00fang v\u1edbi kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i.\u00a0D\u00e2y d\u1eabn v\u00e0o (ch\u00e2n molypden; H\u00ecnh 5(b)) nh\u00f4 ra kh\u1ecfi \u0111\u1ebf \u0111\u00e8n, xuy\u00ean qua v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ec7m, \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ecb v\u00e0 c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u00e8n trong \u1ed5 c\u1eafm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ed1i d\u00e2y v\u1edbi ngu\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec7n.\u00a0Kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t con d\u1ea5u l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 gi\u00e3n n\u1edf nhi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa th\u1ea1ch anh v\u00e0 d\u00e2y t\u00f3c vonfram.\u00a0Th\u1ea1ch anh c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 gi\u00e3n n\u1edf r\u1ea5t th\u1ea5p trong khi vonfram cao h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u.\u00a0N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u1edbp b\u1ecbt k\u00edn th\u00edch h\u1ee3p, c\u00e1c d\u00e2y d\u1eabn v\u00e0o s\u1ebd nhanh ch\u00f3ng gi\u00e3n n\u1edf khi \u0111\u00e8n n\u00f3ng l\u00ean v\u00e0 l\u00e0m v\u1ee1 k\u00ednh xung quanh.\u00a0Trong \u0111\u00e8n vonfram-halogen hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i,\u00a0m\u1ed9t l\u00e1 molypden r\u1ea5t m\u1ecfng (r\u1ed9ng 2 \u0111\u1ebfn 4 mm v\u00e0 d\u00e0y 10 \u0111\u1ebfn 20 micromet; H\u00ecnh 5(b)) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00fang v\u00e0o th\u1ea1ch anh v\u00e0 m\u1ed7i \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a l\u00e1 m\u1ecfng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00e0n v\u00e0o c\u00e1c d\u00e2y n\u1ed1i molypden ng\u1eafn r\u1ed3i l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00e0n v\u00e0o d\u00e2y t\u00f3c v\u00e0 d\u00e2y pin d\u1eabn v\u00e0o.\u00a0Molypden \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong con d\u1ea5u v\u00ec c\u00e1c c\u1ea1nh s\u1eafc nh\u01b0 dao c\u1ea1o cho ph\u00e9p n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00fang m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch an to\u00e0n v\u00e0o th\u1ea1ch anh trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh thao t\u00e1c k\u1eb9p.\u00a0\u0110\u00e8n d\u00f9ng cho k\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n vi<\/a> c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebf m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00f3 c\u00e1c ch\u00e2n molypden nh\u00f4 ra t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1t k\u1eb9p ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c ch\u00e2n vonfram \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u00ean k\u1ebft b\u00ean trong v\u1edbi l\u00e1 molypden, nh\u01b0 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 \u1edf tr\u00ean. Kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c ch\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a, v\u1edbi c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh l\u00e0 4 v\u00e0 6,35 mm (\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u l\u00e0 G4 v\u00e0 G6.35; G cho k\u00ednh). \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh pin dao \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb 0,7 \u0111\u1ebfn 1 mm.<\/p>\n
B\u1edfi v\u00ec c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o \u0111\u00e8n halogen-vonfram r\u1ea5t ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y n\u00ean tu\u1ed5i th\u1ecd c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t b\u00f3ng \u0111\u00e8n th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ebd k\u1ebft th\u00fac \u0111\u1ed9t ng\u1ed9t, th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 khi c\u1ea5p ngu\u1ed3n cho d\u00e2y t\u00f3c \u0111\u00e8n ngu\u1ed9i.\u00a0Trong su\u1ed1t tu\u1ed5i th\u1ecd trung b\u00ecnh, \u0111\u00e8n vonfram-halogen ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb \u0111en v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 tr\u1ea3i qua nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i nh\u1ecf v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh tr\u1eafc quang \u0111\u1ea7u ra.\u00a0T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e8n s\u1ee3i \u0111\u1ed1t kh\u00e1c, tu\u1ed5i th\u1ecd c\u1ee7a \u0111\u00e8n vonfram-halogen \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1edfi t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 h\u00f3a h\u01a1i c\u1ee7a vonfram t\u1eeb d\u00e2y t\u00f3c.\u00a0N\u1ebfu d\u00e2y t\u00f3c kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed5i d\u1ecdc theo to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i c\u1ee7a d\u00e2y m\u00e0 thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u do \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ec1u ho\u1eb7c do s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac b\u00ean trong th\u00ec d\u00e2y t\u00f3c th\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ebd b\u1ecb h\u1ecfng do \u0111\u1ee9t s\u1edbm \u1edf nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng n\u00e0y.\u00a0M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 vonfram bay h\u01a1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i d\u00e2y t\u00f3c b\u1eb1ng chu tr\u00ecnh t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o halogen (\u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn \u1edf tr\u00ean), nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng may v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u n\u00e0y l\u1ea1i l\u1eafng \u0111\u1ecdng \u1edf nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng m\u00e1t h\u01a1n c\u1ee7a d\u00e2y t\u00f3c ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00f3ng quan tr\u1ecdng n\u01a1i th\u01b0\u1eddng x\u1ea3y ra hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1ecfng \u0111i.\u00a0K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n khi n\u00e0o d\u00e2y t\u00f3c c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd b\u1ecb h\u1ecfng trong c\u00e1c \u0111\u00e8n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh li\u00ean t\u1ee5c.\u00a0\u1ede nh\u1eefng lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e8n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eadt v\u00e0 t\u1eaft th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 an to\u00e0n khi cho r\u1eb1ng ch\u00fang s\u1ebd h\u1ecfng \u1edf m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eadt.<\/p>\n
<\/span>Ngu\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec7n vonfram-Halogen<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\u0110\u00e8n vonfram-halogen c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ngu\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u00f3 d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t chi\u1ec1u ho\u1eb7c xoay chi\u1ec1u, nh\u01b0ng h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng k\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n vi<\/a> \u1edf c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ec1u s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ngu\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t chi\u1ec1u (DC<\/b>\u00a0).\u00a0B\u1ed9 ngu\u1ed3n ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t d\u00e0nh cho \u0111\u00e8n vonfram-halogen c\u00f3 m\u1ea1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n chuy\u00ean d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n v\u00e0 tri\u1ec7t ti\u00eau hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng g\u1ee3n s\u00f3ng.\u00a0Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0111\u00e8n vonfram-halogen l\u00e0 khi l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u1eb7t \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p v\u00e0o d\u00e2y t\u00f3c ngu\u1ed9i, giai \u0111o\u1ea1n m\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf d\u00e2y t\u00f3c th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n kho\u1ea3ng 20 l\u1ea7n so v\u1edbi khi \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ed1i \u0111a.\u00a0Do \u0111\u00f3, khi \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p ngu\u1ed3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5p t\u1ee9c th\u1eddi v\u00e0o \u0111\u00e8n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch b\u1eadt n\u00f3 l\u00ean, d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n ban \u0111\u1ea7u r\u1ea5t cao s\u1ebd ch\u1ea1y qua (cao h\u01a1n t\u1edbi 10 l\u1ea7n so v\u1edbi tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh), gi\u1ea3m d\u1ea7n khi nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e2y t\u00f3c v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf t\u0103ng.\u00a0M\u1ee9c d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n cao nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trong v\u00f2ng v\u00e0i mili gi\u00e2y k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb khi kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9ng, nh\u01b0ng th\u01b0\u1eddng k\u1ebft th\u00fac sau kho\u1ea3ng n\u1eeda gi\u00e2y.\u00a0Th\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng may, d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9ng cao sinh ra khi kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9ng ngu\u1ed9i c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ebfn tu\u1ed5i th\u1ecd c\u1ee7a \u0111\u00e8n.\u00a0M\u1ea1ch c\u1ea5p ngu\u1ed3n chuy\u00ean d\u1ee5ng (th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 m\u1ea1ch\u00a0kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ec1m<\/b>) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 b\u00f9 cho d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9ng cao trong c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t, trong \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e8n vonfram-halogen \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c ph\u00e9p \u0111o t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7.<\/p>\n
<\/center>Minh h\u1ecda trong H\u00ecnh 6 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u1ecdn \u0111\u00e8n vonfram-halogen 100 watt \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng k\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n vi hu\u1ef3nh quang<\/a>. Th\u00e2n \u0111\u00e8n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trang b\u1ecb c\u00e1c l\u1ed7 th\u00f4ng h\u01a1i l\u00e0m m\u00e1t cho ph\u00e9p d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed1i l\u01b0u th\u1ed5i v\u00e0o \u0111\u00e8n lu\u1ed3ng kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed m\u00e1t h\u01a1n trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh. M\u1ed9t t\u1ea5m ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1 kim lo\u1ea1i l\u00f3t b\u00ean trong \u0111\u00e8n gi\u00fap g\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1 h\u00ecnh c\u1ea7u h\u01b0\u1edbng m\u1ee9c quang th\u00f4ng l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u00e0o h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng th\u1ea5u k\u00ednh thu \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i t\u1edbi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng quang h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a k\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n vi<\/a>. V\u1ecf \u0111\u00e8n ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn n\u00e0y ch\u1ee9a m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1 \u0111\u1ee1 \u0111\u00e8n d\u1ef1 ph\u00f2ng v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 thay th\u1ebf b\u1eb1ng nh\u1ef1a m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 k\u1eb9p v\u1ecf \u0111\u00e8n trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u00e8n. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh v\u1ecb tr\u00ed \u0111\u00e8n li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn g\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1 h\u00ecnh c\u1ea7u v\u00e0 tr\u1ee5c quang c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 thu b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u00edt Allen \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1ecbch gi\u00e1 \u0111\u1ee1. Nh\u00e0 \u0111\u00e8n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eafn v\u00e0o \u0111\u00e8n chi\u1ebfu k\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n vi<\/a> b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1eb7t b\u00edch l\u1eafp \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec3 gh\u00e9p b\u1ed9 \u0111\u00e8n v\u1edbi k\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n vi<\/a> th\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ee9ng ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c. B\u1ed9 l\u1ecdc h\u1ed3ng ngo\u1ea1i (nhi\u1ec7t) \u1edf ph\u00eda tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng th\u1ea5u k\u00ednh thu s\u1ebd h\u1ea5p th\u1ee5 m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 kh\u00f4ng mong mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u1eafp c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 l\u1ecdc b\u1ed5 sung v\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ea5p th\u1ee5 c\u00e1c d\u1ea3i b\u01b0\u1edbc s\u00f3ng kh\u1ea3 ki\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ecdn, \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 m\u00e0u ho\u1eb7c th\u00eam m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 trung t\u00ednh (gi\u1ea3m bi\u00ean \u0111\u1ed9 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng). H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 \u0111\u00e8n k\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n vi<\/a> kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trang b\u1ecb b\u1ed9 l\u1ecdc khu\u1ebfch t\u00e1n, nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed9 chi\u1ebfu s\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ec1u tr\u00ean to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u00ecn v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eb7t trong \u0111\u00e8n chi\u1ebfu s\u00e1ng k\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n vi<\/a>.<\/p>\n
Ngu\u1ed3n: https:\/\/zeiss-campus.magnet.fsu.edu\/articles\/lightsources\/tungstenhalogen.html<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n
C\u00f4ng ty Minh Khang l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng mi\u1ec1n Nam ph\u00e2n kh\u00fac k\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n vi h\u00e3ng Carl ZEISS<\/a>.<\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u C\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n s\u00e1ng n\u00f3ng, bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n v\u1edbi d\u00e2y t\u00f3c vonfram v\u00e0 cacbon, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u00e8n s\u1ee3i \u0111\u1ed1t vonfram-halogen ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn h\u01a1n, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ngu\u1ed3n s\u00e1ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady cao trong k\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n vi hu\u1ef3nh quang trong nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":9713,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"rank_math_lock_modified_date":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[40],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-9712","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-tin-tuc"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/gd-1.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9712"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/gd-1.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/gd-1.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/gd-1.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/gd-1.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=9712"}],"version-history":[{"count":7,"href":"https:\/\/gd-1.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9712\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":11848,"href":"https:\/\/gd-1.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9712\/revisions\/11848"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/gd-1.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/9713"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/gd-1.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=9712"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/gd-1.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=9712"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/gd-1.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=9712"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}